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RAND Corporation and MITRE Corporation researchers examined how U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) language regional expertise, and culture (LREC) training and capabilities relate to overall unit readiness and mission accomplishment...
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RAND Corporation and MITRE Corporation researchers examined how U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) language regional expertise, and culture (LREC) training and capabilities relate to overall unit readiness and mission accomplishment the existing means of tracking LREC skills among general purpose forces, the extent to which current tracking reflects LREC unit readiness, and ways DoD can improve tracking and measurement for this purpose. They found that the current LREC tracking has limited ability to support LREC decisionmaking and provided short- and long-term recommendations.
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Although challenges in Iraq and Afghanistan have certainly brought the importance of language and cultural competency to the fore, the lack of service member proficiency in critically-needed foreign languages is not a new problem....
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Although challenges in Iraq and Afghanistan have certainly brought the importance of language and cultural competency to the fore, the lack of service member proficiency in critically-needed foreign languages is not a new problem. In fact, in World War II, the United States found itself hamstrung by a lack of Japanese, and even German and Italian, speakers. The Subcommittee used two vivid examples at its first hearing describing the contrasting experiences of Senator Daniel Inouye and Private First Class (PFC) Guy Gabaldon in World War II. These incidents dramatically demonstrate the impact that foreign language skills, or the lack thereof, can have on ground forces operations. PFC Gabaldon, with some knowledge of Japanese, was able to singlehandedly persuade over 1,500 Japanese soldiers on Saipan to surrender. On the other hand, Senator Inouyes inability to speak or understand German led to tragedy when he came upon a German soldier who appeared to be reaching for a weapon, only later to learn the soldier was reaching inside his coat for photos of his family. Senator Inouye recalled that the experience haunts him to this day. During the Cold War and its immediate aftermath, many believed that foreign language skills and regional expertise were only required by a very small segment of the force, usually serving in fairly specialized jobs. Operations ENDURING FREEDOM and IRAQI FREEDOM underscored the need, and provided the impetus, for both cultural awareness and enhanced pre-deployment language preparation.
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The Defense Language Office (DLO) tasked MITRE Corporation and the RAND National Defense Research Institute (NDRI) to jointly address questions concerning the U.S. Department of Defense's (DoD's) ability to measure and track langu...
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The Defense Language Office (DLO) tasked MITRE Corporation and the RAND National Defense Research Institute (NDRI) to jointly address questions concerning the U.S. Department of Defense's (DoD's) ability to measure and track language, regional expertise, and culture (LREC) training and capabilities for general purpose forces (GPF). The objective of this task is to provide information to policymakers about the available data to track LREC training and skills, as well as available information on how LREC affects readiness and mission accomplishment. To reach the stated objective, the following research questions were addressed: (1) According to the best available data, what is the relevance of LREC training and capabilities to overall unit readiness and mission accomplishment; (2) How does DoD currently track LREC training and capabilities of GPF; (3) To what extent does this tracking adequately reflect unit readiness and the ability to accomplish missions; and (4) How can DoD improve tracking of LREC training and capabilities to adequately reflect unit readiness. Chapter 2 describes the methodology and data used in the study. Chapter 3 addresses the first research question and uses available data to assess the importance of LREC training and skills for mission readiness and mission accomplishment. Chapter 4 addresses the second research question and addresses how DoD currently tracks LREC training and skills and whether or not that tracking adequately reflects mission readiness. Finally, Chapter 5 summarizes the findings and offers recommendations for linking LREC training and skills to mission readiness and success. In addition, we include four appendixes. Appendix A lists the policies and directives we reviewed for this analysis. Appendix B lists our interviewees, and Appendix C provides the interview questions we used. Appendix D details the confidence intervals for our analysis of the Status of Forces Survey of Active- Duty Members (SOF-A).
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The Air Force Special Operations Command (AFSOC) conducted a comprehensive needs assessment to identify, specify, and analyze language, regional expertise, and culture (LREC) mission needs across specified units and occupations in...
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The Air Force Special Operations Command (AFSOC) conducted a comprehensive needs assessment to identify, specify, and analyze language, regional expertise, and culture (LREC) mission needs across specified units and occupations in AFSOC to (1) inform the development of LREC training requirements and specifications, (2) determine who needs LREC instruction, and (3) compare REC training needs with current REC instruction provided to AFSOC personnel. The presentation was delivered to the Interagency Language Roundtable (ILR) Culture Committee on 22 FEB 2013. The focus of this presentation was how the REC knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSAs) requirements were defined. The REC KSAs were informed by multiple resources, including the Air Force Culture and Language Center s LREC Force Development Levels, Defense Regional and Cultural Capabilities Assessment Working Group (RACCA WG), and the ILR Skill Level Descriptors for Competence in Intercultural Communication.
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Marine VMU Squadrons are on the precipice of history with the forthcoming introduction of precision munitions. While Marine leaders recognize that VMUs need consistent advocacy, VMU fires integration knowledge is equally important...
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Marine VMU Squadrons are on the precipice of history with the forthcoming introduction of precision munitions. While Marine leaders recognize that VMUs need consistent advocacy, VMU fires integration knowledge is equally important. An unmanned aerial systems aircraft commander primary military occupation specialty transition board convenes in the summer of 2011. Eight aviators with fighter and/or attack backgrounds must permanently transition to VMU squadrons. These officers will lead VMU fires integration into the Marine Corps offensive air support architecture.
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The point of departure in this dissertation was the practical safety problem of unanticipated, unfamiliar events and unexpected changes in the environment, the demanding situations which the operators should take care of in the co...
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The point of departure in this dissertation was the practical safety problem of unanticipated, unfamiliar events and unexpected changes in the environment, the demanding situations which the operators should take care of in the complex socio-technical systems. The aim of this thesis was to increase the understanding of demanding situations and of the resources for coping with these situations by presenting a new construct, a conceptual model called Expert Identity (ExId) as a way to open up new solutions to the problem of demanding situations and by testing the model in empirical studies on operator work. The premises of the Core-Task Analysis (CTA) framework were adopted as a starting point: coretask oriented working practices promote the system efficiency (incl. safety, productivity and well-being targets) and that should be supported. The negative effects of stress were summarised and the possible countermeasures related to the operators. personal resources such as experience, expertise, sense of control, conceptions of work and self etc. were considered. ExId was proposed as a way to bring emotional-energetic depth into the work analysis and to supplement CTA-based practical methods to discover development challenges and to contribute to the development of complex socio-technical systems. The potential of ExId to promote understanding of operator work was demonstrated in the context of the six empirical studies on operator work. Each of these studies had its own practical objectives within the corresponding quite broad focuses of the studies. The concluding research questions were: (1) Are the assumptions made in ExId on the basis of the different theories and previous studies supported by the empirical findings. (2) Does the ExId construct promote understanding of the operator work in empirical studies. (3) What are the strengths and weaknesses of the ExId construct.
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The theme for the Coast Guard's 2012 Posture Statement is 'locally based, nationally deployed and globally connected.' The Coast Guard is generally viewed as a domestic agency; however, there are Coast Guard missions that have an ...
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The theme for the Coast Guard's 2012 Posture Statement is 'locally based, nationally deployed and globally connected.' The Coast Guard is generally viewed as a domestic agency; however, there are Coast Guard missions that have an impact beyond the coastlines of the United States. This monograph reviews the Coast Guard's missions, international engagements, and future trends to determine if the Coast Guard needs a program to educate and retain officers with skills in foreign languages, foreign cultures, and regional awareness to effectively operate in overseas environments. The monograph makes recommendations to Coast Guard officer programs to meet international requirements.
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The United States Navy Foreign Area Officer (FAO) program has been in the developmental stage since its inception in 2006. The program should be examined to find ways to improve it and create efficiencies in the following four are...
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The United States Navy Foreign Area Officer (FAO) program has been in the developmental stage since its inception in 2006. The program should be examined to find ways to improve it and create efficiencies in the following four areas: utilization, training, promotion, and accessions. Many senior officers and government executives (experts) could provide valuable insight on areas for program improvement and growth. This thesis was designed to collect these lessons learned and consolidate them to see where common threads may apply. Gathering this knowledge at the corporate, operational, and strategic level will lead to increased capabilities and efficiencies in the FAO program.
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The Department of Defense acknowledged the importance of language and cultural expertise with the approval and dissemination of the Defense Language Transformation Roadmap in February 2005 and Department of Defense Directive 3000....
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The Department of Defense acknowledged the importance of language and cultural expertise with the approval and dissemination of the Defense Language Transformation Roadmap in February 2005 and Department of Defense Directive 3000.05 in November 2005. Unfortunately, both documents fall short of establishing an all-encompassing and prescriptive approach for harnessing the power of comprehensive regional expertise. Nevertheless, this recognition sets the conditions for establishing a military force that can proactively influence people, gain trust and confidence, and facilitate peace and stability while maintaining the ability to conduct war. It is vital for today's United States Army professional to develop, train, and maintain language and cultural expertise analogous with other fundamental soldier skills. As the United States continues to compete with multiple state, non-state, regional, and internal stakeholders to secure positive influence over people and finite resources, and to prevent instability around the globe, it is imperative that the United States Army develop, integrate, and maintain comprehensive regional, linguistic, and cultural expertise.
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This report contributes to the ongoing debate about the lessons from the past 13 years of war and the requirements for addressing future conflicts. It addresses a particular disconnect in the current debate on the future of nation...
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This report contributes to the ongoing debate about the lessons from the past 13 years of war and the requirements for addressing future conflicts. It addresses a particular disconnect in the current debate on the future of national security strategy and the role of landpower caused by an inadequate examination of the national level of strategy made by the U.S. government. The disconnect exists because there has been no systematic effort to collect and analyze insights from those who have been actively engaged in making policy and strategy from 2001 to 2014. A RAND Arroyo Center workshop provided a mechanism for eliciting insights from policymakers and academic experts involved in the formation of national-level strategy and its implementation over the past 13 years. This study analyzes and develops those insights in the context of the debate on future national security strategy. It applies those insights to the future operating environment, which will include irregular and hybrid threats, and identifies critical requirements for land forces and special operations forces to operate successfully in conjunction with other joint, interagency, and multinational partners.
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